19 jan 2009 16:00
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21 jan 2009 18:58
Various surveys have been conducted to determine a scientific consensus on global warming. Few have been conducted within the last ten years.
University of Illinois at Chicago, 2008
A poll performed by Peter Doran and Maggie Kendall Zimmerman at the University of Illinois at Chicago received replies from 3,146 of the 10,257 polled Earth scientists. Results were analyzed globally and by specialization. Among all respondents, 90% agreed that temperatures have risen compared to pre-1800 levels, and 80% agreed that humans significantly influence the global climate. Ninety-seven percent of climatologists who are active in climate research believe that mean global temperatures have risen compared to pre-1800s levels, and that human activity is significant factor in changing mean global temperatures. Petroleum geologists and meteorologists were among the biggest doubters, with only 47 percent and 64 percent, respectively, believing in human involvement.
STATS, 2007
In 2007, Harris Interactive surveyed 489 randomly selected members of either the American Meteorological Society or the American Geophysical Union for the Statistical Assessment Service (STATS) at George Mason University. The survey found 97% agreed that global temperatures have increased during the past 100 years; 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence substantiates the occurrence of human-induced greenhouse warming"; and 84% believe global climate change poses a moderate to very great danger.
Oreskes, 2004
A 2004 article by geologist and historian of science Naomi Oreskes summarized a study of the scientific literature on climate change. The essay concluded that there is a scientific consensus on the reality of anthropogenic climate change. The author analyzed 928 abstracts of papers from refereed scientific journals between 1993 and 2003, listed with the keywords "global climate change". Oreskes divided the abstracts into six categories: explicit endorsement of the consensus position, evaluation of impacts, mitigation proposals, methods, paleoclimate analysis, and rejection of the consensus position. 75% of the abstracts were placed in the first three categories, thus either explicitly or implicitly accepting the consensus view; 25% dealt with methods or paleoclimate, thus taking no position on current anthropogenic climate change; none of the abstracts disagreed with the consensus position, which the author found to be "remarkable". According to the report, "authors evaluating impacts, developing methods, or studying paleoclimatic change might believe that current climate change is natural. However, none of these papers argued that point."
21 jan 2009 23:57
22 jan 2009 2:27
22 jan 2009 8:06
23 jan 2009 0:36
23 jan 2009 1:30
gast schreef:(mooi voorbeeld is zure regen,
ps schreef:Wetenschappers zijn soms net marketeers. Je moet met de juiste uitkomst komen om vervolgopdrachten te krijgen. Universiteiten die met verkeerde conclusies komen worden gebagateliseerd, op een gegeven moment zelfs niet meer serieus genomen. De hetze was begonnen.
De onderzoeken en conclusies van Thatcher passen geheel in zo'n zelfbeeld en ze worden daarmee een gemakkelijk en algemeen aanvaard principe.
Aldus wordt het een marketing item voor de industrie: we gaan er wat aan doen, koop groen, kost iets meer, maar dan heb je ook wat.
Political pressure on scientists
Many climate scientists state that they are put under enormous pressure to distort or hide any scientific results which suggest that human activity is to blame for global warming. A survey of climate scientists which was reported to the US House Oversight and Government Reform Committee noted that "Nearly half of all respondents perceived or personally experienced pressure to eliminate the words 'climate change', 'global warming' or other similar terms from a variety of communications." These scientists were pressured to tailor their reports on global warming to fit the Bush administration's climate change scepticism. In some cases, this occurred at the request of a former oil-industry lobbyist.[220] In a report by NASA's Office of the Inspector General it has been reveiled that NASA officials censored and suppressed scientific data on global warming in order protect the Bush administration from controversy close to the 2004 presidential election.[221]
U.S. officials, such as Philip Cooney, have repeatedly edited scientific reports from US government scientists,[222] many of whom, such as Thomas Knutson, have been ordered to refrain from discussing climate change and related topics.[223][224][225] Attempts to suppress scientific information on global warming and other issues have been described by journalist Chris Mooney in his book The Republican War on Science.
Climate scientist James Hansen, director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, claimed in a widely cited New York Times article[226] in 2006 that his superiors at the agency were trying to "censor" information "going out to the public." NASA denied this, saying that it was merely requiring that scientists make a distinction between personal, and official government, views in interviews conducted as part of work done at the agency. Several scientists working at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have made similar complaints;[227] once again, government officials said they were enforcing long-standing policies requiring government scientists to clearly identify personal opinions as such when participating in public interviews and forums.
The BBC's long-running current affairs series Panorama recently investigated the issue, and was told that "scientific reports about global warming have been systematically changed and suppressed
Wij mensen willen zo graag horen dat wij invloed hebben, zodat de scenario's waarbij dat zou blijken altijd onze voorkeur hebben boven onderzoeken waaruit blijk dat het om ons heen gebeurd.
23 jan 2009 1:51
23 jan 2009 15:09
ps schreef:In de jaren tachtig zocht Margaret Thatcher naar overtuigende argumenten om kernenergie uit te breiden in de UK. Zij sponsorde een paar onderzoekers om het effect van CO2 (kolencentrales) op het klimaat verder aan te tonen. Aldus gebeurde.
23 jan 2009 21:05
Jort schreef:
Daarmee verklaar je niet dat wetenschappers wereldwijd tot vergelijkbare conclusies kwamen/ komen. .